# Copyright 2017-2020 The GPflow Contributors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from typing import Optional
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from ..base import Parameter, TensorType
from ..utilities import positive
from ..utilities.ops import difference_matrix
from .base import ActiveDims, Kernel, NormalizedActiveDims
from .stationaries import IsotropicStationary
[docs]class Periodic(Kernel):
"""
The periodic family of kernels. Can be used to wrap any Stationary kernel
to transform it into a periodic version. The canonical form (based on the
SquaredExponential kernel) can be found in Equation (47) of
D.J.C.MacKay. Introduction to Gaussian processes. In C.M.Bishop, editor,
Neural Networks and Machine Learning, pages 133--165. Springer, 1998.
The derivation can be achieved by mapping the original inputs through the
transformation u = (cos(x), sin(x)).
For the SquaredExponential base kernel, the result can be expressed as:
k(r) = σ² exp{ -0.5 sin²(π r / γ) / ℓ²}
where:
r is the Euclidean distance between the input points
ℓ is the lengthscales parameter,
σ² is the variance parameter,
γ is the period parameter.
NOTE: usually we have a factor of 4 instead of 0.5 in front but this
is absorbed into the lengthscales hyperparameter.
NOTE: periodic kernel uses `active_dims` of a base kernel, therefore
the constructor doesn't have it as an argument.
"""
def __init__(self, base_kernel: IsotropicStationary, period: TensorType = 1.0) -> None:
"""
:param base_kernel: the base kernel to make periodic; must inherit from Stationary
Note that `active_dims` should be specified in the base kernel.
:param period: the period; to induce a different period per active dimension
this must be initialized with an array the same length as the number
of active dimensions e.g. [1., 1., 1.]
"""
if not isinstance(base_kernel, IsotropicStationary):
raise TypeError("Periodic requires an IsotropicStationary kernel as the `base_kernel`")
super().__init__()
self.base_kernel = base_kernel
self.period = Parameter(period, transform=positive())
self.base_kernel._validate_ard_active_dims(self.period)
@property
def active_dims(self) -> NormalizedActiveDims:
return self.base_kernel.active_dims
@active_dims.setter
def active_dims(self, value: ActiveDims) -> None:
self.base_kernel.active_dims = value
def K_diag(self, X: TensorType) -> tf.Tensor:
return self.base_kernel.K_diag(X)
def K(self, X: TensorType, X2: Optional[TensorType] = None) -> tf.Tensor:
r = np.pi * (difference_matrix(X, X2)) / self.period
scaled_sine = tf.sin(r) / self.base_kernel.lengthscales
if hasattr(self.base_kernel, "K_r"):
sine_r = tf.reduce_sum(tf.abs(scaled_sine), -1)
K = self.base_kernel.K_r(sine_r)
else:
sine_r2 = tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(scaled_sine), -1)
K = self.base_kernel.K_r2(sine_r2)
return K